Introduction
Eating disorders (EDs) constitute a heterogeneous group of psychiatric conditions characterized by persistent alterations in eating habits and an excessive concern with weight and body shape. These disorders affect millions of people worldwide, with increasing prevalence, especially among adolescents and young adults^1,2. While more common in women, they also significantly affect men. The main conditions in this category are anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED), each with unique clinical characteristics and challenges for diagnosis and treatment. The impact of EDs on health is broad, encompassing both physical and mental aspects. Physically, severe malnutrition, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and metabolic complications and increased mortality-particularly in AN-are observed. In the field of mental health, these disorders are frequently associated with comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and an increased risk of suicide³. Additionally, the social impact of these disorders includes isolation, difficulties in interpersonal relationships and reduced quality of life⁴. The etiology of EDs is complex and multifactorial, involving interactions between genetic, biological, psychological, sociocultural and environmental factors^5,6. Studies indicate that social pressures related to body image, amplified by unrealistic beauty standards promoted by the media and social networks, play a significant role in the onset and maintenance of these disorders^7,8.

Objectives
This article aims to explore the effects of EDs on physical and mental health, focusing on their clinical and psychosocial implications, as well as discussing current treatment and prevention approaches. It is expected that this work will contribute to advancing knowledge on the subject, highlighting the need for more effective and accessible interventions to mitigate the damage caused by these conditions.

Materials and Methods
A bibliographic review was conducted, analyzing articles published in the PUBMED, ScienceDirect and Scielo databases to support the study.

Discussion
Eating disorders have a significant impact on physical health. Anorexia nervosa, characterized by severe food restriction and intense fear of weight gain, can lead to extreme malnutrition, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis and organ failure. Bulimia nervosa, on the other hand, involves episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting or laxative use, resulting in complications such as electrolyte imbalances, dental problems and gastrointestinal injuries⁹. Binge eating disorder, often associated with obesity, increases the risk of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. From a mental health perspective, EDs are deeply linked to emotional and psychological issues^10,11. Depression is a common comorbidity, often exacerbated by low self-esteem and body dissatisfaction. Anxiety is also frequent, especially in individuals with anorexia nervosa, who exhibit extreme perfectionism and a need for control. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between eating disorders and self-harming behaviors, as well as an elevated risk of suicide. Sociocultural factors play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of these disorders¹². The idealization of thin bodies and social pressures to conform to unrealistic beauty standards contribute to the emergence of dysfunctional eating behaviors, particularly among young people exposed to social media. Constant social comparison and the pursuit of external validation amplify body dissatisfaction and the risk of developing eating disorders.

For those already affected, the availability of quality treatment is essential. This includes nutritional support, psychotherapeutic interventions and medical care. However, many individuals face significant barriers to accessing these services, whether due to financial constraints, stigma or limitations in healthcare systems. Future research should focus on identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis, developing more effective treatments and expanding preventive approaches. Additionally, it is crucial to involve families and communities in supporting affected individuals, fostering a more inclusive and understanding environment. It is concluded that, although eating disorders represent a complex challenge, a combination of efforts in research, prevention and treatment can lead to significant advances in reducing their impact on society.

References